Environment

Subsurface Contamination Reference Guide
This guide was developed to provide a source of information on fate and transport properties for a variety of contaminants commonly found in ground water at Superfund sites. The information may help to focus site investigation efforts and identify early-on potential remediation strategies. The guide gives brief descriptions and describes the applicability of various remediation technologies. It is an excellent resource for students or environmental professionals.

Subsurface Contamination Reference Guide, October 1990. OSWER Publication EPA/540/2-90/011, NTIS Order Number PB91-921292


Evaluation of Soil Vapor Extraction and Treatment Using Internal Combustion Engine Technology
This document was prepared by Parsons Engineering Science, Inc. for the Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence (AFCEE) as part of a demonstration of the internal combustion engine (ICE) technology for extraction and treatment of soil vapors contaminated with nonchlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at four demonstraion sites throughout the Untied States.

Bound Residue Formation and Chemical Binding in Soil: a Literature Survey
This document is the result of a literature search for information about the formation of bound residues from pesticides or hazardous wastes in soils. It consists of a table that summarizes 67 articles and is meant to be a chronological summary of representative work done in this area over the last 30 years. Each summary includes the chemical compound(s) and analytical methods employed in the study and a brief synopsis of important findings. Complete references are also included.


Schematic Diagram for a Passive Bioventing / Barometric Pumping Valve
This document contains the schematic for a simple valve used in a passive bioventing system. The design shown is made to fit in a 4 inch PVC well. A brief description of the passive bioventing technology is given along with relevent references and a link to learn more about the barroball (TM) valve which can also be used for passive soil vapor extraction.

How to use a Level I Fugacity Model to Estimate Contaminant Partitioning in the Subsurface
This document discusses the use of the level I fugactiy model to estimate contaminant partitioning in a subsurface environment. It is intended to introduce students or environmental professionals to the concept of fugacity and provides an easy to use spreadsheet tool to calculate potential chemical partitioning.

Native Plants of the Intermountain West- Utah, Idaho, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Arizona, N. Mexico
The guide is meant to familiarize the reader with the wide variety of native plants that can be used in ornamental horticulture in the intermountain west (Utah, Idaho, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Arizona, and New Mexico). The document contains descriptions and photographs for 53 species of trees, shrubs, perennials, and grasses along with a summary chart of the plants and their cultural requirements. Links to other resources about native plants are also included.

Evaluation of Mechanisms of Alteration and Humification of PAHs for Water Quality Management
USGS report G-1723 published in July 1992

Discusses the behavior of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHS) in complex environmental vadose zone soil samples with regard to potential ground water contamination. The study was undertaken, using a chemical mass balance approach, to determine the distribution of radiolabelled carbon, parent compounds, and transformation products of the radiolabelled PAH compounds, benzo(a)pyrene and pyrene, among aqueous, gas, and solid phases of a non-contaminated and contaminated (creosote-PCP) vadose zone soil over time of incubation. The apparent degradation of unlabelled PAHs and changes in toxicity (Microtox) of the water-soluble (aqueous) fraction were also measured.

Introduction to Phytoremediation
U. S. EPA Report EPA/600/R-99/107
February 2000

Phytoremediation is the name given to a set of technologies that use different plants as a containment, destruction, or an extraction technique. Phytoremediation as a remediation technology that has been receiving attention lately as the results from field trials indicate a cost savings compared to conventional treatments. This Introduction is intended to provide a tool for site regulators, owners, neighbors, and managers to evaluate the applicability of phytoremediation to a site.


Characterization of the IHSS Standard and Reference Fulvic and Humic Acids by 13C and 1H NMR

USGS Water resources Investigation Report 89-4196, 1989

Characterization of the International Humic Substances Society Standard and
Reference Fulvic and Humic Acids by Solution State Carbon-13 ( 13C) and
Hydrogen ( 1H) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry. Standard and reference samples of the International Humic Substances Society have been characterized by solution state carbon-13 and hydrogen-1 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry. Samples included the Suwannee River, soil, and peat standard fulvic and humic acids, the Leonardite standard humic acid, the Nordic aquatic reference fulvic and humic acids, and the Summit Hill soil reference humic acid.

Monitoring and Assessment of In-Situ Biocontainment of Petroleum Contaminated Ground-Water Plumes
U. S. EPA Report EPA/600/R-98/020
February 1998

By R. Ryan Dupont, Darwin L. Sorensen, Marian Kemblowski, Mark Bertleson, Dietrick McGinnis?,
Idris Kamil, Yang Ma, Utah Water Research Laboratory

This two-year field research project was conducted to assess the potential for natural attenuation of gasoline contaminated groundwater plumes at two underground storage tank (UST) sites in northern Utah. An evaluation of
rapid site assessment techniques for plume delineation and subsurface site characterization was carried out using cone penetrometer and ambient temperature headspace (ATH) analysis techniques. A screening-level Natural Attenuation Decision Support System (NADSS) was developed to provide guidance
to regulatory personnel on data collection, data reduction, data interpretation, and decision-making efforts to evaluate the nature and potential extent of intrinsic plume bioattenuation taking place under a given set of site conditions.

Surfactant Combinations for Enhanced Removal of Contaminants
One of the main restricting factors in the remediation of soils is the low aqueous solubility of several organic compounds, which leads to resistance to mobilization by conventional pump and treat measures and to low bioavailability. The paper gives an overview of results obtained in recent years working on selection of surface-active additive combinations for different purposes. This included surfactant combinations for the hydraulic in-situ remediation of soils, for the stimulation of biodegradation, several surfactant formulations with high extraction efficiency for different contaminants, special additives for the enhanced washing of tar contaminated soils as well as the development of a two-step bioreactor process for removal of contaminants with low bioavailability. The article is intended to provide a basis for discussion of problems associated with surfactant application and possibly for future cooperation.

(Originally presented at the FZK/TNO International Conference on Contaminated Land - "Contaminated Soil '2000", 18 - 22 September 2000, Leipzig)


Two-Step Bioreactor Process for Removal of Contaminants with Low Bioavailability
This paper reports on attempts to develop an economically feasible bioremediation technique for contaminants with low bioavailability. To this end, different options for a combined physicochemical and biological treatment process were evaluated for soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH).

(originally presented at ACHEMA 2000 - International Meeting on Chemical Engineering, Environmental Protection and Biotechnology, 22. – 27. 5. 2000 Frankfurt am Main)

Investigations on Sludge Dewatering with the Separation Analyser LUMiFuge 114
Practical application studies of the sludge dewatering process and its control by flocculant addition require adequate laboratory methods. At present numerous methods are used on laboratory scale, however, they are generally time-consuming and often lack practical relevance. A newly developed separation analyser has been applied for rapid evaluation of sludge properties (sedimentation and packing behaviour, shear sensitivity) and of the efficiency of polymeric flocculants for sludge dewatering in decanter centrifuges (in relation to flocculant concentration and mechanical conditioning, development of an appropriate laboratory procedure).

(Originally presented at the 3rd International Conference of the Kolloidgesellschaft e.V. Adsorption and Nanostructures – From Theory to Application Budapest 25 – 28 September 2000)

Pre-Selection of Flocculants by the Separation Analyser Lumifuge 114
This paper (originally presented at the IWA World Water Congress in Berlin, 2001) reports on lab-scale investigations in relation to pre-selection of flocculants for sludge dewatering with decanter centrifuges using the separation analyser Lumifuge 114. Experiments were carried out with sludge samples of different origin and a number of commercial flocculants.


Fate and Transport of Hydrazine Through Columns of Saturated Sandy Soil
By Dr. Wayne C. Downs
Ph.D. dissertation completed in 1993.

The effects of environmental and process variables on the fate and transport of hydrazine were investigated in laboratory columns of three consecutive horizons of a saturated sandy soil. The investigation of consecutive horizons containing successively less organic matter showed hydrazine loss within soil columns to be closely correlated with percentage organic matter. Percentage clay in each horizon was not well correlated with hydrazine loss.